![control engineering - What is the mathematical basis for the Ziegler-Nichols method for tuning a PID loop? - Engineering Stack Exchange control engineering - What is the mathematical basis for the Ziegler-Nichols method for tuning a PID loop? - Engineering Stack Exchange](https://i.stack.imgur.com/wPbWo.png)
control engineering - What is the mathematical basis for the Ziegler-Nichols method for tuning a PID loop? - Engineering Stack Exchange
Ziegler‐Nichols Open‐Loop Tuning Method or Process Reaction Method - Sarthaks eConnect | Largest Online Education Community
![Parameters for Ziegler-Nichols open loop tuning (Astrom and Hagglund, 1995) | Download Scientific Diagram Parameters for Ziegler-Nichols open loop tuning (Astrom and Hagglund, 1995) | Download Scientific Diagram](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335105503/figure/fig3/AS:790680246972417@1565524269397/Parameters-for-Ziegler-Nichols-open-loop-tuning-Astrom-and-Hagglund-1995.jpg)
Parameters for Ziegler-Nichols open loop tuning (Astrom and Hagglund, 1995) | Download Scientific Diagram
![Table 1 from AUTOMATIC TUNING OF PROPORTIONAL- INTEGRAL-DERIVATIVE (PID) CONTROLLER USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION (PSO) ALGORITHM | Semantic Scholar Table 1 from AUTOMATIC TUNING OF PROPORTIONAL- INTEGRAL-DERIVATIVE (PID) CONTROLLER USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION (PSO) ALGORITHM | Semantic Scholar](https://d3i71xaburhd42.cloudfront.net/a34097b0b3674382b3f9ab9312f709edbf8cd15f/4-Table1-1.png)